Software Applications Programming Errors and solutions.

SDLC Objectives objectives include the following: To reduce the risk of project failure To consider system and data requirements throughout the entire life of the system To identify technical and management issues early To disclose all life cycle costs to guide business decisions To foster realistic expectations of what the systems will and will not provide To provide information to better balance programmatic, technical, management, and cost aspects of proposed system development or modification To encourage periodic evaluations to identify systems that are no longer effective To measure progress and status for effective corrective action To support effective resource management and budget planning To consider meeting current and future business requirements Testing Methodology To be truly robust, distributed applications require more than simple functional testing before release into production. You should perform at least one—and preferably all—of the following types

Benefits of the re-engineered process: The re-engineered process benefits an internal auditor in the following manner:- 1) Organized collection of data:- Use of audit logs ensures the auditor that the track of all the required transactions are made in an organized manner this reduces the time that the auditor will take in collecting data from the original source. Moreover the cost incurred will be less. The data collected will be more authentic as no manipulation can be made by any person to the data which is stored in the audit log since it can be retrieved only by the auditor 2) Reduction in time for completion of audit:- Timely and accurate data ensures that the audit is completed within the specified time limit, moreover frequent interaction with the external auditor ensures that corrective measures in the audit plan is made regularly. 3) Cost effective:- The auditor need not maintain separate files for all the working papers and audit trials since these will be there in th

What is Digital signatures   A major benefit of public key cryptography is that it provides a method for employing digital signatures. Digital signatures let the recipient of information verify the authenticity of the information’s origin, and also verify that the information was not altered while in transit. Thus, public key digital signatures provide authentication and data integrity. These features are every bit as fundamental to cryptography as privacy, if not more.  A digital signature serves the same purpose as a seal on a document, or a hand-written signature. However, because of the way it is created, it is superior to a seal or signature in an important way. A digital signature not only attests to the identity of the signer, but it also shows that the contents of the information signed has not been modified.  A physical seal or handwritten signature cannot do that. However, like a physical seal that can be created by anyone with possession of the signet, a digital sign

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR There are two types of standard transistors: NPN PNP with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If we are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors. The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E). These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels A Darlington Pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high current gain. In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there are field-effect transistors, which are usually referred to as FET.

 What Spread Spectrum Does? The use of these special pseudo noise codes in spread spectrum (SS) communications makes signals appear wide band and noise-like. It is this very characteristic that makes SS signals possess the quality of Low Probability of Intercept. SS signals are hard to detect on narrow band equipment because the signal’s energy is spread over a bandwidth of maybe 100 times the information bandwidth. A spread spectrum system is one in which the transmitted signal is spread over a wide frequency band, much wider, in fact, than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the information being sent. Spread spectrum communications cannot be said to be an efficient means of utilizing bandwidth. However, it does come into its own when combined with existing systems occupying the frequency. The spread spectrum signal being “spread” over a large bandwidth can coexist with narrow band signals only adding a slight increase in the noise floor that the narrow band receivers see.

Benefits of ERP Better business practices with re engineering of process as this becomes a prerequisite to ERP. Accurate and timely information. Eliminate duplication in work. Better customer satisfaction. Improve operational Efficiency. Reduce avoidable costs and losses. Better inventory management. Facilitates knowledge management. Better employee satisfaction. Better planning and preparedness. Example of ERP- Microsoft dynamics axapta, Navision,CRM,SAP, Oracle,Tally ,Baan,LN etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER   1. Speed: Computer can do calculations at the super fast speed without any mistake. A modern computer can execute about thirty million instructions in one second. 2. Accuracy: Computer never gives wrong results nature. In fact the most computer errors are caused due to wrong input of data and instructions. 3. Diligence: It is away from basic human nature. It never bored or tired and it can work for long times without creating any error. 4. Storage Capacity: It can store a large amount of information in a very small space. We can display the stored information whenever desired. 5. Versatility: It is one of the most wonderful thing about computer. It can do various jobs at one time. 6. Automatic: They are capable of automatically performing repetitive or long process without making any errors. 7. Power Of Remembering: It can store or recall any information as well as when we required. Computer does not make any guess or forget.