Software Applications Programming Errors and solutions.

Intranet and Extra net An Intranet is a private network (LAN) that uses the TCP/IP protocol suite. However, access to the network is limited only to the users inside the organization. The network uses application programs defined for the global Internet such as HTTP, and may have web servers, print servers, file servers etc. Extra net Private network that uses the Internet protocol and the public telecommunication system Shares part of a business's information with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers or other businesses. Viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company. Artificial Neural Networks ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS •Neural Networks can supplement the enormous potential of traditional computers with the ability to make sensible decisions and to learn by experience. •Neural Computation is done by a dense mesh of computing nodes and connections. They operate collectively and simultaneously on data inputs.

Concept of etworks Consist of two or more computer connected to each other. Share resources (such as disks, files,directories, printers, CD-ROMs etc.) Exchange files, data and allow electronic communication between them. Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network Confined to a relatively small area. Generally limited to a geographical area such as a school, building or an office. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Covers larger geographical areas, such as cities. Wide Area Network Connects larger geographical areas, such as the whole of India or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite communication may be used to connect this type of network. Peer-to-peer operations Peer-to-peer operations All computers are considered equal. Designed primarily for small to medium local area networks. Advantages Less initial expense

Evolution of wireless communication Communication between two  communications devices   can basically classified as   follows a. wired communication b. wireless communication           Our   focus is on only mobile phone and cell phone. Before mobile phone [wireless communication],   telephone came into existence. 1876 -telephone was invented by Alexander Graham bell 1881-in   Berlin   public telephone service was started [wired circuit switching network]. In early 18 century wireless communication was existing through optical medium. The wireless communication boomed only after invention of electromagnetic waves by Michael Farady. 1907-the first commercial transatlantic connection were setup using huge base stations. On both side. 1920-marconi discovery of short waves gets reflected ionosphere. This helps to sent wireless messages around the world bouncing at the ionosphere. 1926-the first telephone in a train was available on the Berlin Hamburg line. 1927-radio for cars w

 Message transfer agent (MTA) The MTA is software running on a dedicated workstation or computer and is part of the email system’s backbone. Each MTA communicates with one or more UA’s and other MTAs. Its basic function is to accept mail from a UA or another MTA, examine it, and route it. For example, when it receives mail from a UA it verifies the format of the mail. If it is not correct it informs the UA an error has occurred so the sender can be notified. If it is correct there are two possibilities.  First, the recipient is reachable via another UA to which the MTA is connected. Example is user A sending mail to user B connected to same MTA. In this case the MTA gives the mail to the appropriate UA for delivery. Second, the UA that will deliver the mail is connected to another MTA. Here user A may have sent mail to user C connected to some other MTA. In this case the mail must be routed to another MTA. Collectively the MTAs execute a routing strategy that sends the mail throu

Introduction of  proxy server A proxy server is a kind of gateway that speaks HTTP to the browser but FTP, Gopher, or some other protocol to the server. It accepts HTTP requests and translates them into, say, FTP requests, so the browser does not have to understand any protocol except HTTP. The proxy server can be a program running on the same machine as the browser, but it can also be on a free-standing machine somewhere in the network serving many browsers. Often users can configure their browsers with proxies for protocols that the browsers do not speak. In this way, the range of information sources to which the browser has access is increased. In addition to acting as a go-between for unknown protocols, proxy servers have a number of other important functions, such as caching. A caching proxy server collects and keeps all the pages that pass through it. When a user asks for a page, the proxy server checks to see if it has the page. If so, it can check to see if the page is s

Sharing printer between two PC In the first PC where the printer is connected & installed. 1. In windows explorer - Go to Tools>Option>View. 2. Enable "use simple file sharing (recommended). 3. Go to Start>Settings>Printers & Faxes 4. Right click the Printer - click Sharing 5. Click Share this printer and Click List in Directory 7. Click Apply In the second PC where the printer to be installed. 1. Go to Start>Settings>Printers & Faxes 2. Click Add a Printer>Click Next 3. Click Network Printer.>Click Next 4. Click Find a Printer in the Directory>Click Next 5. Click Find now - you will see the Printer listed below 6. Select the Printer>Click OK Your printer will be now installed in the second PC. Do the appropriate settings.

 Basic requirements of LAN creation 1)  computers  with NIC cards (On board or Add on). 2)  cables and RJ 45 connectors. 3) A Hub or Switch. (Switch is recommended). Connectivity between PC & Switch There are some other things which you have to do to connect PC.s in LAN. 1) Straight cable crimping. color codes are as below. Orange-white, Orange, Green-white, Blue, Blue-white, Green, Brown-white brown. 2).Give IP Address to all PC,s in a single network ID. i.e, 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2 etc & Sub net mask is same to all PC. i.e 255.255.255.0. 3) Give any Work group Name to all PC, But it should be same to all PC's. 4) Try to ping the IP with each Other & Then access PC.

LAN SWITCHING Missed Questions Report What Layer 3 function on a switch allows you to control broadcast messages? A. transparent bridging B. segmentation C. reduction of collision domains D. translational bridging E. VLANs You answered: The correct answer is: E This question pertains to Cisco's exam objective, 'LAN Switching' and its related sub-objective, '59) Describe the benefits of virtual LANs'. Which type of Ethernet operation loops back the sent frame? A. CSMA/CD B. Coaxial C. Full-Duplex D. Half-Duplex E. Fast Ethernet You answered: The correct answer is: D This question pertains to Cisco's exam objective, 'LAN Switching' and its related sub-objective, '51) Describe full- and half-duplex Ethernet operation'. What is the function of a MAC address? A. to provide NICs with connectivity B. to identify all devices at the Network layer C. to identify each device or interface at th