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New challenges of Globalization Globalization, the point is frequently overlooked that it is an ancient phenomenon. In the modern world, it began to gather strength at the end of the 15th century and strengthened in the 16th and 17th centuries with the maritime exploration of the Portuguese and Spanish and later the English, French, the Dutch, who put Europe in contact with the rest of the world. In the 20th century, especially after World War II, Europe lost its global hegemony, and was devastated, along with Japan. Two non-European countries, the United States and the Soviet Union, then became the dominant powers and their ideological, economic, and military rivalry divided the world into two opposing blocs. This was the beginning of the Cold War, which kept the world suspended in an “equilibrium of terror”. In parallel, in the 50’s and 60’s, the process of decolonization led to the emergence of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries and later the Third World movement. Mean...