Software Applications Programming Errors and solutions.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM D.F.D. (Data Flow Diagram) is a set of technique and graphical tools that allow the programmer to develop a kind of software specification that is easily understood by the user. It shows a sequence of functional transformations that convert system input to required output. It represents how a data flows through a system and how output is derived from the input through a sequence of function formation. They describe the end-to-end processing in the form of a flow chart from top to bottom. The Data Flow Diagram shows the use of data in the system pictorially structured analysis making use of some standard conventions. A full description of a system actually consists of a set of DFDs. Different levels of the system can be expressed using different DFD’s. The notations that are used by out DFD are described in brief below: 1. Rounded Rectangle : It represents functions, which transform input to output. The name inside the rectangle indicates its functio

Symbols in ER Diagrams Rectangle : Entity set Ellipse  : Attribute Diamond : Relation Lines  : links attribute to entity or relation and entities to relations Double ellipse : multivalued attribute Dashed ellipse : derived attribute Double line : total participation of entity in relationship set Inverted triangle : Links sub-type entities with super-type entity

Benefits of the re-engineered process: The re-engineered process benefits an internal auditor in the following manner:- 1) Organized collection of data:- Use of audit logs ensures the auditor that the track of all the required transactions are made in an organized manner this reduces the time that the auditor will take in collecting data from the original source. Moreover the cost incurred will be less. The data collected will be more authentic as no manipulation can be made by any person to the data which is stored in the audit log since it can be retrieved only by the auditor 2) Reduction in time for completion of audit:- Timely and accurate data ensures that the audit is completed within the specified time limit, moreover frequent interaction with the external auditor ensures that corrective measures in the audit plan is made regularly. 3) Cost effective:- The auditor need not maintain separate files for all the working papers and audit trials since these will be there in th